beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
Recently I found a 1966 account of a brand-new atom smasher. Dr. Gregory A Loew gave a talk to fellow physicists at the International Conference on Instrumentation for High Energy Physics proudly describing his laboratory, which is one of Fermilab's elder sisters.

Take a look at "Report on the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center."

At the bottom of page 5, Loew writes:
"Just to the right-hand side of the console is the domain of the beam operator, sometimes called the beam jockey. Besides numerous telephones and Tektronics (sic) oscilloscopes, the beam operator focuses his attention on beam guidance and the beam spectrum."
This greatly predates my own use of the phrase "beam jockey" in the mid-Eighties.
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)


Today marks 100 years since the birth of Robert Alden Cornog (1912-1998), physicist and engineer.

With Luis Alvarez, he discovered that tritium (the hydrogen-3 nucleus) is radioactive, and that helium-3 occurs in nature. He was an early recruit to the Manhattan Project, working with Robert R. Wilson and Richard Feynman on isotope separation at Princeton, then packing up and moving to Los Alamos for the duration of World War II.

Cornog eventually worked in the emerging aerospace industry of 1950s California. When the U.S. made its first attempt to launch a rocket to the Moon, Cornog was involved. Later he specialized in high-vacuum systems.

Here's a 1992 video interview with Bob Cornog:



Some years ago, I wrote an article about Cornog and his close friendship with Robert Heinlein, for Eric Picholle's book on Heinlein and nuclear weapons. If you'd like to see this chapter, let me know and I'll send you a PDF.

Happy 100th, Dr. Cornog.
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
The final store is now circulating in the Tevatron. At breakfast, it was just below 100E30 luminosity units (per square centimeter per second).

The Tevatron's final crew is on shift. It will be a long day for them; after the 2 PM ceremony, after the officials and camera crews and Tevatron designers have left the Main Control Room for the party, the crew will be putting the Tevatron into standby, as well as continuing to operate other accelerators.

Picnic tents are up in the Horseshoe. TV cameras are in place in Ramsey Auditorium and the MCR. Lighting has been adjusted and links have been tested. An absurdly large TV has been placed in the MCR, so that the people there may see people speaking on the Auditorium stage.

Fermilab endures. Here are plans for the future.

Tevatron fact sheet.

About the shutdown process.

The original 1979 plan: A Report on the Design of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Superconducting Accelerator. Dr. Helen Edwards, one of its co-authors, will be performing the shutdown.
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
Hey! I've been indexed at NooSFere.com!

They've incorporated Solution Non Satisfaisante into their listing of science fiction books. And my article on "Robert A. Cornog, l'ami atomiste" gets a page of its own.

I've visited the site before-- I presume it's punning on Teilhard de Chardin's "noösphere" --because it has a lot of great science fiction artwork. It keeps turning up when I do searches on artists or magazine covers.

Truthfully, I don't know whether this is worth making another blog entry about. But I don't generally write about what I had for breakfast or how I exercised. This is what you get instead.
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
Q. Is it true you have a book out?

A. Sort of. A book to which I have contributed a chapter has just been published in France.

Q. How many books does that make for you this month?

A. Two.


Q. What's the name of the book?

A. Solution Non Satisfaisante: Heinlein et L'Arme Atomique.

Q. What does that mean?

A. Solution Unsatisfactory: Heinlein and the Atomic Weapon.

Q. Who created it?

A. Éric Picholle, a French critic, translator, and physicist. He is also the author, with Ugo Bellagamba, of Solutions Non Satisfaisantes, une Anatomie de Robert A. Heinlein.

Q. Wait, isn't that the same book?

A. No.

Q. But they have the same title!

A. If you wanted to watch Alien, would you rent Aliens?

Q. Oh.

A. The older book, Solutions Non Satisfaisantes, is a comprehensive critical look at Robert A. Heinlein's literary career.

Q. How good is it?

A. Good enough to win the Grand Prix de l'Imaginaire for science fiction criticism in 2009.

Q. What's the new book about?

A. The new book, Solution Non Satisfaisante, begins with the first translation into French of Heinlein's 1941 story "Solution Unsatisfactory." Following that are essays by Éric Picholle, the American critic H. Bruce Franklin, and me.

The Heinlein story, published before the U.S. entered World War II, is remarkable because it foresaw a nuclear arms race. In "Solution Unsatisfactory" the United States develops a radioactive superweapon-- dust that, dropped from a few bombers, can render a city uninhabitable-- and uses it to end World War II. American leaders are then confronted with the certainty that other nations will also develop such weapons. The U.S. uses its brief period of nuclear superiority to create a military dictatorship with control of atomic weapons-- a "solution" even the author didn't like.

In his chapter, "Robert Heinlein, l’atome et la lune," Éric writes about Heinlein's fictional visions of nuclear weapons, the real-life struggle to create nuclear policy, and Heinlein's own efforts to influence that policy.

Prof. Franklin's chapter, "Ne vous inquiétez pas, ce n’est que de la science-fiction!," is an excerpt from his 1988 book War Stars: The Super Weapon and the American Imagination.

Éric has long been intrigued by these issues, and Heinlein's connections to them. Heinlein had a close friend, Robert Alden Cornog, who was an atomic physicist and engineer. He worked on cyclotrons at Berkeley in the 1930s, and later joined the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos. There's a photo of him on the wall outside the Main Control Room here at Fermilab.
Éric knew that I had taken an interest in Cornog, so he asked me to write a short biography for the book, "Robert Cornog, l’ami atomiste." Not much has been written much about Cornog before.

The book also has bibliographies, timelines, and appendices.

Q. How much does it cost?

A. According to the back cover, sixteen euros.

Q. What does the cover look like?

A. This.
For the back cover and spine, go here.

Q. Are there any pictures?

A. There are a great many illustrations. I managed to find a good 1943 photo of Cornog which had been misidentified. Perhaps of greatest interest to my correspondents here is my "about the author" photo, which reproduces in black-and-white Reidar Hahn's Zeusaphone portrait. At last it has become useful for something more than an eyelash census.

Q. Do you speak French?

A. No. Éric translated my chapter.
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
Apparently last night's earthquake near Gilberts, Illinois, about 25 miles from Fermilab, quenched the Tevatron. Its magnitude was 3.8.

("Quench" means "go from a superconducting state to not-superconducting." The magnets heat up and boil a lot of helium, which is discharged safely through relief valves.)

There are tilt meters mounted at a few spots in the tunnel to measure ground movement; sometimes distant major earthquakes can be detected. This is certainly the closest earthquake we've ever had. (I slept through it.) The Tevatron can withstand a little jiggling, and earthquake waves tend to be long, so the relative motion of different parts of the machine is generally small. Not this time.

Beam is back, and we expect to resume collisions shortly.
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
Yes indeed, Fritz Goro did take more pictures of Lichtenberg figures in Dr. Arno Brasch's laboratory on his visit during chilly February of 1947; as I mentioned in an earlier posting, they are tagged "Capacitron". This was the name of Brasch's device for generating an electron beam. He was using it to irradiate foods in the hope of killing bacteria, allowing the food to be preserved without decay for long periods.

As you may recall, I spotted some of these pictures and recognized what they were. The earliest account in scientific literature of producing Lichtenberg figures with a particle accelerator appeared in 1956 (though it mentions that the novelty had been known among beamslingers for years; accelerator salesmen gave them to customers as souvenirs). I was able to show that Goro's photos had illustrated a story in the March 10, 1947 issue of Life.
Immortal strawberry

Looking at a larger sample from the shoot, some of the pictures seem a bit overexposed, lending them a mad-scientist air. "At LAST! My high-voltage ELECTRON FACTORY has finally created a STRAWBERRY that will last FOREVER!! BWA-Hahahahahah!"

See photos of strange creations from the mighty Capacitron... )
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
I learned today that CERN's Large Hadron Collider has broken the energy record for particle beams, circulating a beam of protons with 1.18 trillion electron volts (TeV) energy. The previous record, 0.98 TeV, was held by Fermilab's Tevatron collider.

Both countercirculating beams of protons were accelerated to 1.18 TeV. By next year the LHC folks hope to begin taking physics data at a beam energy of 3.5 TeV. With improvements, the machine is designed to reach a beam energy of 7 TeV, which means 14 TeV available in head-on collisions.

Today is a good time to think about the Livingston Curve.

Long before Gordon Moore observed that the number of transistors per integrated circuit was doubling every 24 months, M. Stanley Livingston pointed an example of exponential growth in technology. Livingston, the physicist who had built the first cyclotron in the early 1930s, plotted the beam energy of each new particle accelerator against the year when it had first operated. "When energy is plotted on a logarithmic scale, the envelope of the points is remarkably close to a straight line, indicating an increase in energy by a factor of 10 every six years."
Livingston's own plot, from his 1962 book with J.P. Blewett, Particle Accelerators, expressed as beam energy in the "laboratory frame:"

Modern Livingston plot expressed in center-of-mass energy for accelerated particles:
Livingston plot expressed in center-of-mass energy versus first year of operation for accelerators
(Click to see Kurt Riesselmann's writeup for Symmetry)


It's interesting that, though each accelerator technology has practical limits-- it becomes very difficult to build cyclotrons of ever-higher energies, for example-- new methods of acceleration have been developed which managed to push the energy frontier higher anyway. Betatrons, synchrotrons, and storage rings followed. In the same manner, Moore's Law is propelled by constant innovations in methods and materials for making chips.

Peak beam energy is not the only meaningful parameter in physics, of course. And older acceleration methods are not necessarily abandoned. Cyclotrons and linacs are still being built to provide beams of a few million electron volts for a variety of purposes. But there is always excitement at the energy frontier.

The Large Hadron Collider's dot will soon be much higher than 1.18 TeV. Still, it's good to see them stake their claim in new blank territory at the top of the Curve. I'm sure M. Stanley Livingston would have been proud of CERN.
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
The Symmetry blog reports that a few hours ago, CERN circulated protons around the Large Hadron Collider.

This cheerful news marks a milestone in a long recovery from the accident of 19 September 2008. Congratulations to all those involved. May the journey of commissioning be smooth and speedy.
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
The Google Life trove documents a thousand encounters between scientists and photographers.

There's an oft-retold story-- it seems to have first seen print with John J. McPhaul in his 1962 book Deadlines and Monkeyshines: the Fabled World of Chicago Journalism (thanks again, Google!) -- about a photographer named Sam. He was assigned to cover a reunion of scientists who first "split the atom" at the University of Chicago, on the tenth anniversary of the first nuclear chain reaction.

Every day, journalists are asked to report on subjects with which they have only a glancing familiarity. Sam was no expert on science, but he was an old hand at composing newspaper photos.

He gathered Enrico Fermi, Arthur H. Compton, Vannevar Bush, and the other scientists.

"I'm thinking of getting three photos," Sam told them.

"First, you guys putting the atom in the machine. Then, splitting the atom. Finally, all of you standing around looking at the pieces."

In the spirit of Sam... )
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
In the newly available Life collection, I was surprised, but pleased, to find an early example of accelerator-produced Lichtenberg figures, of the kind Bert Hickman and Todd Johnson have been making.

February 1947: "In electron factory, preparing plastic for bombarding from discharge light."


"Plastic shattered on inside but smooth on surface."


Impressive, but I think Bert's look nicer.

So maybe sometime later in 1947, the magazine ran an article about an "electron factory" accelerator. Anyone want to poke around in a library?
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
Symmetry Cover Sept 2008
My article "Antimatter's science fiction debut" has appeared in the September 2008 issue of Symmetry magazine, on page 32.

Accompanying it is a "Logbook" feature displaying a carbon copy and Astounding page from Jack Williamson's first "Seetee" story, "Collision Orbit." (Logbook usually features a primary source in the progress of science, such as a page from a lab notebook, a letter, or a computer printout.)

I proposed an article, noting that an Astounding page might be used as an illustration, and Kurt Riesselmann, the managing editor, suggested that it could be the basis for a Logbook item. That's when I realized that the Jack Williamson Science Fiction Library at Eastern New Mexico University, where Jack taught for decades, has his papers. Sure enough, we were able to obtain a scan of the author's yellowing carbon copy for "Collision Orbit."

Page from carbon copy of Collision Orbit

Faithful readers of this journal will recall that I began working on this last winter, reconstructing the trail through physics, astronomy, and science fiction that led to the writing of the Seetee series.

"Collision Orbit" wasn't the first SF story to feature antimatter, but it definitely put antimatter on the map. Oh, and by the way, for this story Jack Williamson coined the word "terraforming." The sequels, later collected as books, cemented "seetee" as a prop in the imagination of later SF writers.

I've put together a talk about this, "How Antimatter Became a Plaything of Science Fiction," and I'll be giving it for the first time this coming Sunday at Conclave 33 in Romulus, Michigan. It's scheduled for 11 to noon. I may be repeating the talk at other SF conventions. Catch it if you're interested.
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
Courtesy of Fermilab's Visual Media Services, and coverage in Fermilab Today,here's the photo Reider Hahn took of the people wearing pajamas to this morning's Large Hadron Collider startup event:
Pajama Party participants at Fermilab for Large Hadron Collider startup
I'm near the left of the picture, in a red checkered bathrobe, not far from Fermilab's Director, Pier Oddone, who is wearing navy blue:
PajamapartyPJphoto detail
Unfortunately, at this resolution, the true glory of my pajamas is not visible:
Dangerous Pajamas Detail

I have owned these pajamas for some years, but this is the first event to which I have been invited for which they were the perfect evening wear. (It might also prove to be the last.)

I finished off the ensemble with disposable shoe covers, of the sort we wear when visiting primary beam areas.

See my Flickr photostream for a few more Pajama Party pictures.
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
I just spoke with Judy Jackson, head of Fermilab's Office of Communication. She was wearing orange and blue pajamas.

"Well, I could go home and get some sleep," I said, "or I could blog."

"You should blog," Judy said. Predictable, but then I did open my big mouth.

Fermilab held a pajama party to watch beam go around the Large Hadron Collider for the first time. It's Wednesday daytime at CERN, but here the celebration started at 01:30. About 400 people showed up in the Wilson Hall atrium. We had a video link to CERN, where they're staging an even bigger event.

WSH in CMS Control Room: Pajama Party


Fermilab is deeply involved in the LHC, as are other American national laboratories and universities. A remote operations center for the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment has been built here. I imagine that pajamas will not often be worn there again.

There was speechmaking. I talked to various interesting people. The 450 GeV proton beam was brought to internal collimators at various points around the LHC, one segment at a time. At about 03:15 (Illinois time) they got the protons all the way around one ring. A hearty breakfast was served. As is traditional with new accelerators, a champagne toast was also drunk. I imagine that physicists are signing a bottle right now at CERN. There was more speechmaking. People who wore pajamas to the event were invited to pose for a group picture.

Okay, Judy, now I'm going home to nap.

Google logo celebrates the Large Hadron Collider
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
Adding to my antimatter timeline I have extended my research a bit further, with the kind help of other scholars:


I've learned that Physics Today ran an obituary for Prof. Vladimir Rojansky of Union College on page 76 of the August 1981 issue, along with a photo. I believe Rojansky coined the term "contraterrene" in 1935.

I've established that the Oxford English Dictionary doesn't know this. Perhaps I can help.

I've ascertained that Jack Williamson's manuscript carbons are in the collection at Eastern New Mexico University, where he taught for so many years, but that most of his letters from John Campbell are not.

I've found that CERN has an Antimatter FAQ to deal with questions about Dan Brown's Angels and Demons, an antimatter novel I have not read.

Q. Does CERN own an X-33 spaceplane?

A. No.

I've wondered how antimatter got into Star Trek. This doesn't seem to be documented, but I suspect Harvey P. Lynn, a physicist at the RAND Corporation, is responsible. I've decided it's not connected to the Seetee stories. Antimatter propulsion for spacecraft was a common idea in the early Sixties, as a browse through my personal astronautics library will reveal.

I have now read the book version of Seetee Ship. The seams of the fix-up really show, especially between the second story and the third, where a formerly supporting character suddenly becomes the point-of-view guy, and vice versa.

The ideas are nicely inventive: Rock rats live on "terraformed" asteroids-- Williamson coined this term in these stories. An energy crisis is forseeable, since supplies of easily-mined fissionables are dwindling. Contraterrene asteroids are a terrifying hazard to be avoided, but a few rock rats dream of manipulating CT and building CT tools. The key is a "bedplate," a way of magnetically supporting a CT machine without touching it, and this is difficult to develop. Some characters want CT technology as a boundless source of energy, others are seeking annihilation weapons; the tension between the two anticipates the dilemma of fission that was about to unfold in our own world.

A review by [livejournal.com profile] james_nicoll appears here. (I am pleased to see that I am not the only guy who sometimes recycles his Usenet postings for Livejournal.)


(That's the Antiproton Source in the background, just behind the steam coming from the circular Booster Pond. AP Zero, the building over the antiproton target, is in the upper left corner.)
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
In its 9 November issue Fermilab Today displays a neat picture from Jeff Larson. (If this link doesn't work, try another.
Jeff Larson's thermal infrared photo of Wilson Hall at Fermilab

Quoting the caption:

Getting hot in here: Jeff Larson of the proton source department took this picture from behind Wilson Hall with the Fluke IR imager. "It's a camera that can see IR light and accurately tell you what the temperature is on certain surfaces," he said.
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
From Fermilab Today:

Education Office Offers Family Open House, Feb. 19
More about the Open House ) Participants can register online. Contact Nancy Lanning at edreg@fnal.gov or 630-840-5588 for more information.

—Dawn Stanton
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
There seems to be some local resistance to the scheme of a guy who wants to install a cyclotron in his house in Alaska.
beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)

skylark_and_me_2

I'm going to try another way of inserting images into this journal: I made myself a Flickr account. Let me know if you don't see the picture of Skylark and me.

beamjockey: Drawing of Bill of the Heterodyne Boys by Phil Foglio. (Default)
Both collider experiments at Fermilab have officially hit an integrated luminosity of one inverse femtobarn. Champagne at 3:30. Whoopee!

An inverse femtobarn is "per 10 to the minus 39 square centimeters" or 1000 inverse picobarns. Peter Garbincius says that this corresponds to about 80 trillion collisions between an antiproton and a proton in each of the two detectors, CDF and D0.

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